The United States President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief

III. References


1 CDC. Guidelines for prophylaxis against Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia for persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1989 Jun 16;38 Suppl 5:1-9.

2 CDC. Guidelines for Prophylaxis Against Pneumocystis carinii Pneumonia for Children Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. Vol 40, No RR02;001 03/15/1991.

3 Malin AS, Gwanzura LK, Klein S, Robertson VJ, Musvaire P, Mason PR. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in Zimbabwe. Lancet. 1995 Nov 11;346(8985):1258-61.

4 Anglaret X, Chene G, Attia A, Toure S, Lafont S, Combe P, Manlan K, N'Dri-Yoman T, Salamon R. Early chemoprophylaxis with trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole for HIV-1-infected adults in Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire: a randomised trial. Cotrimo-CI Study Group. Lancet. 1999 May 1; 353(9163):1463-8.

5 Wiktor SZ, Sassan-Morokro M, Grant AD, Abouya L, Karon JM, Maurice C, Djomand G, Ackah A, Domoua K, Kadio A, Yapi A, Combe P, Tossou O, Roels TH, Lackritz EM, Coulibaly D, De Cock KM, Coulibaly IM, Greenberg AE. Efficacy of trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole prophylaxis to decrease morbidity and mortality in HIV-1-infected patients with tuberculosis in Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 1999 May 1; 353(9163):1469-75.

6 Badri M, Ehrlich R, Wood R, Maartens G. Initiating co-trimoxazole prophylaxis in HIV-infected patients in Africa: an evaluation of the provisional WHO/UNAIDS recommendations. AIDS. 2001 Jun 15; 15(9):1143-8.

7 Grimwade K, Swingler, G. Cotrimoxazole prophylaxis for opportunistic infections in adults with HIV. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003; (3):CD003108.

8 Mermin, J., Lule, J., Ekwaru, J.P., Malamba, S., Downing, R., Ransom, R., Kahazura, F., Culver, D.H., Kizito, F., Bunnell, R., Kigozi, A., Nakanjako, D., Wafula, W., and Quick, R. Effect of cotrimoxazole prophylaxis on morbidity, mortality, CD4 cell count, and HIV viral load among presons with HIV in rural Uganda. Lancet. 2004 Oct 16;364(9443):1428-34.

9 Zar HJ, Dechaboon A, Hanslo D, Apolles P, Magnus KG, Hussey G. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in South African children infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2000 Jul; 19(7):603-7.

10 Y.Yazdanpanah, E.Losina, X.Anglaret, S.J. Goldie, R.P.Walensky, M.C.Weinstein, S.Toure, H.E. Smith, A.D. Kimmel, H.Zhang, T.N�Dri-Yoman, R.Salamon, J.Kaplan, K.A.Freedberg. Clinical impact and cost-effectiveness of co-trimoxazole prophylaxis in patients living with HIV/AIDS in C�te d�Ivoire: a trial-based analysis. World AIDS Conference, Bangkok, July 11-14, 2004.

11 Provisional WHO/UNAIDS secretariat recommendations on the use of cotrimoxazole prophylaxis in adults and children living with HIV/AIDS in Africa. 2000.

12 Dye C, Scheele S, Dolin P, Pathania V, Raviglione MC. Consensus statement. Global burden of tuberculosis: estimated incidence, prevalence, and mortality by country. WHO Global Surveillance and Monitoring Project. JAMA. 1999 Aug 18;282(7):677-86.

13 WHO Guidelines for implementing collaborative TB and HIV program activities. WHO 2003.

14 Corbett EL, Watt CJ, Walker N, Maher D, Williams BG, Raviglione MC, Dye C. The growing burden of tuberculosis: global trends and interactions with the HIV epidemic. Arch Intern Med. 2003 May 12;163(9):1009-21.

15 Daley CL, Small PM, Schecter GF, et. al. An outbreak of tuberculosis with accelerated progression among persons infected with the human immunodeficiency virus: an analysis using restriction-fragment_length polymorphisms. N Engl J Med 1992;326:231-235.

16 Whalen C, Horsburgn R, Hom D, Lahart C, Simberkoff M, Ellner J. Accelerated course of human immunodeficiency virus infection after tuberculosis. Am J Crit Care Med 1995; 151:129-135.

17 World Health Organization. Strategic framework to decrease the burden of TB/HIV. WHO/CDS/TB/2002.296, WHO/HIV_AIDS/2002.2.

18 Zar HJ, Cotton MF, Lombard C et al. The impact of isoniazid prophylaxis on mortality in HIV-infected children from a high tuberculosis prevalence are. Abstract in XV AIDS Conference, Bangkok July 11-15.

19 Grant AD, Kaplan JE, de Cock KM. Preventing opportunistic infections among human immunodeficiency virus-infected adults in African countries. Am J Trop Med Hyg., 65(6), 2001, pp 810-21.

20 Bucher HC, Griffith LE, Guyatt GH, Surde P, Naef M, Sendi P, Battega M. Isoniazid prophylaxis for tuberculosis in HIV infection: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. AIDS 1999 Mar 11; 13(4): 501-7.

21 Young B, Brisco J. A case control study of the effect of environmental sanitation on diarrhea morbidity in Malawi. J Epidemiol Community Health. 1988 Mar; 42(1): 83-8.

22 Esrey SA, Potash JB, Roberts L, Shiff C. 1991. Effects of improved water supply and sanitation on ascariasis, diarrhea, dracunculiasis, hookworm infection, schistosomiasis, and trachoma. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 69(5):609-621.

23 Gundry S, Wright S, Conroy R 2004. A systematic review of the health outcomes related to household water quality in developing countries. Journal of Water and Health 2(1): 1-13.

24 Lule JR, Mermin J, Ekwaru JP, Malamba S, Downing R, Ransom R, Nakanjako D, Wafula W, Hughes P, Bunnell R, Kaharuza F, Coutinho A, Kigozi A, Quick R. Effect of home-based water chlorination and safe storage on diarrhea among persons with human immunodeficiency virus in Uganda. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2005 Nov;73(5):926-33.

25 Curtis V, Cairncross S. 2003. Effect of washing hands with soap on diarrhea risk in the community: a systematic review. Lancet Infectious Diseases 3 (5) :275-81.

26 Shahid NS, Greenough WB 3rd, Samadi AR, Huq MI, Rahman N. Hand washing with soap reduces diarrhoea and spread of bacterial pathogens in a Bangladesh village. J Diarrhoeal Dis Res. 1996 Jun; 14(2):85-9.

27 Luby SP, Agboatwalla M, Painter J, Altaf A, Billhimer WL, Hoekstra RM. Effect of intensive handwashing promotion on childhood diarrhea in high-risk communities in Pakistan: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2004 Jun 2; 291(21):2547-54.

28 Huttly SRA, Moriss SS, Pisni V 1997. Prevention of diarrhea in young children in developing countries. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 75 (2): 165-174.

29 Koram KA, Owusu-Agyei S, Fryauff DJ, Anto F, Atuguba F, Hodgson A, Hoffman L, Nkrumah FK. Seasonal profiles of malaria infection, anaemia, and bed net use among age groups and communities in northern Ghana. Trop Med Int Health. 2003 Sep;8(9):793-802.

30 Whitworth J, Morgan D, Quigley M, Smith A, Mayanja B, Eotu H, Omoding N, Okongo M, Malamba S, Ojwiya A. Effect of HIV-1 and increasing immunosuppression on malaria parasitaemia and clinical episodes in adults in rural Uganda: a cohort study. Lancet. 2000 Sep 23; 356 (9235):1051-6.

31 Grimwade K, French N, Mbatha DD, Zungu DD, Dedicoat M, Gilks CF. Childhood malaria in a region of unstable transmission and high human immunodeficiency virus prevalence. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2003 Dec;22(12):1057-63.

32 Grimwade K, French N, Mbatha DD, Zungu DD, Dedicoat M, Gilks CF. HIV infection as a cofactor for severe falciparum malaria in adults living in a region of unstable malaria transmission in South Africa. AIDS. 2004 Feb 20;18(3):547-54.

33 Holtz TH, Marum LH, Mkandala C, Chizani N, Roberts JM, Macheso A, Parise ME, Kachur SP. Insecticide-treated bed net use, anaemia, and malaria parasitaemia in Blantyre District, Malawi. Trop Med Int Health. 2002 Mar;7(3):220-30.

34 Lengeler C. Insecticide-treated bednets and curtains for preventing malaria. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000; (2): CD000363.

35 D'Alessandro U, Olaleye BO, McGuire W, Langerock P, Bennett S, Aikins MK, Thomson MC, Cham MK, Cham BA, Greenwood BM. Mortality and morbidity from malaria in Gambian children after introduction of an impregnated bed net programme. Lancet. 1995 Feb 25;345(8948):479-83.

36 ter Kuile FO, Terlouw DJ, Kariuki SK, Phillips-Howard PA, Mirel LB, Hawley WA, Friedman JF, Shi YP, Kolczak MS, Lal AA, Vulule JM, Nahlen BL. Reduction of malaria during pregnancy by permethrin-treated bednets in an are of intense perennial malaria transmission in western Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2003 Apr; 68 (4 Suppl): 50-60.

37 ter Kuile FO, Terlouw DJ, Kariuki SK, Phillips-Howard PA, Mirel LB, Hawley WA, Friedman JF, Shi YP, Kolczak MS, Lal AA, Vulule JM, Nahlen BL. Impact of permethrin-treated bed nets on malaria, anemia, and growth in infants in an area of intense perennial malaria transmission in western Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2003 Apr;68(4 Suppl):68-77.

38 Hawley WA, Phillips-Howard PA, ter Kuile FO, Terlouw DJ, Vulule JM, Ombok M, Nahlen BL, Gimnig JE, Kariuki SK, Kolczak MS, Hightower AW. Community-wide effects of permethrin-treated bed nets on child mortality and malaria morbidity in western Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2003 Apr;68(4 Suppl):121-7.

39 Mermin J, Ekwaru JP, Liechty CA, Were W, Downing R, Ransom R, Weidle P, Lule J, Coutinho A, Solberg P. Effect of cotrimoxazole prophylaxis, antiretroviral therapy, and insecticide-treated bednets on the frequency of malaria in HIV-1-infected adults in Uganda: a prospective cohort study. Lancet. 2006 Apr 15;367(9518):1256-61.

40 Jiamton S, Pepin J, Suttent R, Filteau S, Mahakkanukrauh B, Hanshaoworakul W, Chaisilwattana P, Suthipinittharm P, Shetty P, Jaffar S. A randomized trial of the impact of multiple micronutrient supplementation on mortality among HIV-infected individuals living in Bangkok. AIDS. 2003 Nov 21;17(17):2461-9.

41 Fawzi WW, Msamanga GI, Spiegelman D, Urassa EJ, McGrath N, Mwakagile D, Antelman G, Mbise R, Herrera G, Kapiga S, Willett W, Hunter DJ. Randomised trial of effects of vitamin supplements on pregnancy outcomes and T cell counts in HIV-1- infected women in Tanzania. Lancet. 1998 May 16; 351(9114):1477-82.

42 Villamor E, Msamanga G, Spiegelman D, Antelman G, Peterson KE, Hunter DJ, Fawzi WW. Effect of multi-vitamin and vitamin A supplements on weight gain during pregnancy among HIV-1-infected women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002 Nov;76(5):1082- 90.

43 Fawzi WW, Msamanga GI, Hunter D, Renjifo B, Antelman G, Bang H, Manji K, Kapiga S, Mwakagile D, Essex M, Spiegelman D. Randomized trial of vitamin supplements in relation to transmission of HIV-1 through breastfeeding and early child mortality. AIDS. 2002 Sep 27;16(14):1935-44.

44 Fawzi WW, Msamanga GI, Spielgeman D, Wei R, Kapiga S, Villamor E, Mwakagile D, Mugusi F, Hertzmark E, Essex M, Hunter DJ. A randomized trial of multi-vitamin supplements and HIV disease progression and mortality. N Engl J Med 2004 Jul 1; 351 (1): 23-32.

45 Weinhardt LS, Carey MP, Johnson BT, Bickham NL. Effects of HIV counseling and testing on sexual risk behavior: a metaanalytic review of published research, 1985-1997. Am J Public Health. 1999 Sep; 89(9):1397-405.

46 Painter TM. Voluntary counseling and testing for couples: a high-leverage intervention for HIV/AIDS prevention in sub- Saharan Africa. Soc Sci Med. 2001 Dec; 53(11):1397-411.

47 Kamenga M, Ryder RW, Jingu M, Mbuyi N, Mbu L, Behets F, Brown C, Heyward WL. Evidence of marked sexual behavior change associated with low HIV-1 seroconversion in 149 married couples with discordant HIV-1 serostatus: experience at an HIV counselling center in Zaire. AIDS. 1991 Jan; 5(1):61-7.

48 Weller S, Davis K. Condom effectiveness reducing heterosexual HIV transmission. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2001: 93)CD003255.

Guidance Home Page

Back to Top

USA.gov U.S. Government interagency website managed by the Office of U.S. Global AIDS Coordinator
and the Bureau of Public Affairs, U.S. State Department.
External Link Policy | Copyright Information | Privacy | FOIA