III. References

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² Walker N, Schwartlander B, Bryce B. Meeting International goals in child survival and HIV/AIDS. Published online April 30, 2002; http://image.thelancet.com/extras/01art9188web.pdf

³ Pillay T, Adhikari M, Mokili J, Moodley D, Connolly C, Doorasamy T, Coovadia HM. Severe, rapidly progressive human immunodeficiency virus type 1 disease in newborns with co-infections. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2001; 20(4):404-10.

⁴ Newell ML, Coovadia H, Cortina-Borja M, Rollins N, Gaillard P, Dabis F. Mortality of infected and uninfected infants born to HIVinfected mothers in Africa: a pooled analysis. Lancet . 2004; 364 (9441) 1236-1243.

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⁶ Horton C, Liebeschuetz S, Blaaw D, Cassol S, Qazi S. Diagnosis of pediatric HIV infection in a primary health care setting with a clinical algorithm. Bulletin of the WHO. 2003; 81(12): 858-865.

⁷ Tindyebwa D, Kayita J, Musoke P, et al. Handbook on Pediatric AIDS Care in Africa, African Network for Care of Children Affected by HIV/AIDS, Kampala 2004.

⁸ Pickering LK, ed. Red Book: 2003 Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases 26th ed. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics; 2003.

⁹ American Academy of Pediatrics. Measles Immunization in HIV-infected Children, Pediatrics. 1999; 10(5).

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¹¹ Molyneux E, Walsh A, Phiri A, Molyneux M. Acute bacterial meningitis in children admitted to the Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre, Malawi in 1996-97. Trop Med Int Health. 1998; 3(8):610-8.

¹² Madhi S, Petersen K, Madhi A, Wasas A, Klugman K. Impact of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 on the disease spectrum of Streptococcus pneumoniae in South African children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2000; 19(12):1141-1147.

¹³ Wright JP, Ford HL. Bacterial meningitis in developing countries. Trop Doct. 1995; 25(1):5-8.

¹⁴ Klugman KP, Madhi SA, Huebner RE, Kohberger R, Mbelle N, Pierce N; Vaccine Trialists Group. A trial of a 9-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in children with and those without HIV infection. N Engl J Med. 2003; 249(14):1341-8.

¹⁵ Meyers TM, Pettifor JM, Gray GE, Crewe-Brown H, Galpin JS. Pediatric admissions with HIV infection at a regional hospital in Soweto, South Africa. J Trop Pediatr 2000; 46(4):224-30.

¹⁶ Ansari NA, Kombe AH, Kenyon TA, et. al. Pathology and causes of death in a series of HIV-positive and negative pediatric referral hospital admissions in Botswana. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2003; 22(1):43-7.

¹⁷ Graham SM. Prophylaxis against Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia for HIV-exposed infants in Africa. Viewpoints, Lancet. 2002; 360(9349):1966-68.

¹⁸ Simonds RJ, Oxtoby MJ, Caldwell MB, Gwinn ML, Rogers MF. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia among US children with perinatally acquired HIV infection. JAMA. 1993; 270(4):470-3.

¹⁹ Maldonado YA, Araneta RG, Hersh AL. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia prophylaxis and early clinical manifestations of severe perinatal human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. Pediatr Infec Dis J. 1998; 17(5):398-402.

²⁰ Zar HJ, Dechaboon A, Hanslo D, Apolles P, Magnus KG, Hussey G. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in South African children infected with HIV. Ped Infect Dis J. 2000; 19(7); 603-7.

²¹ Mulenga V, Gibb D, Bhat G. A Randomized placebo controlled trial of cotrimoxazole as prophylaxis against opportunistic infections in children with HIV-1 infection in Zambia. Abstract 156 LB, CROI, San Francisco, 2004.

²² Merchant RH, Oswal JS, Bhagwat RV, Karkare J. Clinical profile of HIV infection. Indian Pediatrics, 2003; 38(3):239-46.

²³ Palme IB, Gudetta B, Degefu H, Bruchfeld H, Muhe L, Giesecke H. Risk factors for human immunodeficiency virus infection in Ethiopian children with tuberculosis. Pediatr Infec Dis J. 2001; 20(11):1066-72.

²⁴ Jeena PM, Pillay P, Pillay T, Coovadia HM., Impact of HIV-1 co-infection on presentation and hospital-related mortality in children with culture proven pulmonary tuberculosis in Durban, South Africa. Int J Tub and Lung Dis. 2002; 6(8):672-8.

²⁵ Palme IB, Gudetta B, Bruchfeld J, Muhe L, Giesecke J. Impact of human immunodeficiency virus 1 infection on clinical presentation, treatment outcome and survival in a cohort of Ethiopian children with tuberculosis. Pediatr Infec Dis J. 2002; 21(11):1053-1061.

²⁶ Mermin J, Lule J, Ekwaru JP, Malamba S, Downing R, Ransom R, Kahazura F, Culver DH, Kizito F, Bunnell R, Kigozi A, Nakanjako D, Wafula W, Quick R. Effect of cotrimoxazole prophylaxis on morbidity, mortality, CD4 cell count, and HIV viral load among presons with HIV in rural Uganda. Lancet. 2004; 364(9443):1428-34.

²⁷ Grimwade K, French N, Mbatha DD, Zungu DD, Dedicoat M, Gilks CF. Childhood malaria in a region of unstable transmission and high human immunodeficiency virus prevalence. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2003; 22(12):1057-63.

²⁸ Holtz TH, Marum LH, Mkandala C, Chizani N, Roberts JM, Macheso A, Parise ME, Kachur SP. Insecticide-treated bednet use, anaemia, and malaria parasitaemia in Blantyre District, Malawi. Trop Med Int Health. 2002; 7(3):220-30.

²⁹ D'Alessandro U, Olaleye BO, McGuire W, Langerock P, Bennett S, Aikins MK, Thomson MC, Cham MK, Cham BA, Greenwood BM. Mortality and morbidity from malaria in Gambian children after introduction of an impregnated bednet programme. Lancet. 1995; 345(8948):479-83.

³⁰ Lengeler C. Insecticide-treated bednets and curtains for preventing malaria. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000; (2): CD000363.

³¹ ter Kuile FO, Terlouw DJ, Kariuki SK, Phillips-Howard PA, Mirel LB, Hawley WA, Friedman JF, Shi YP, Kolczak MS, Lal AA, Vulule JM, Nahlen BL. Impact of permethrin-treated bed nets on malaria, anemia, and growth in infants in an area of intense perennial malaria transmission in western Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2003;68(4 Suppl):68-77.

³² Mermin J, Lule J, Ekwaru JP, Malamba S, Downing R, Ransom R, Kahazura F, Culver DH, Kizito F, Bunnell R, Kigozi A, Nakanjako D, Wafula W, Quick R. Effect of cotrimoxazole prophylaxis on morbidity, mortality, CD4 cell count, and HIV viral load among persons with HIV in rural Uganda. Lancet, 2004 Oct 16;364(9443):1428-34.

³³ Checkley W, Gilman RH, Black RE, Epstein LD, Cabrera L, Sterling CR, Moulton LH. Effect of water and sanitation on childhood health in a poor Peruvian peri-urban community. Lancet. 2004 Jan 10;363(9403):112-8.

³⁴ Young B, Brisco J. A case control study of the effect of environmental sanitation on diarrhea morbidity in Malawi. J Epidemiol Community Health. 1988 Mar; 42(1): 83-8.

³⁵ Merchant AT, Jones C, Kiure A, Kupka R, Fitzmaurice G, Herrera MG, Fawzi WW. Water and sanitation associated with improved child growth. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2003 Dec;57(12):1562-8.

³⁶ Lule JR, Mermin J, Ekwaru JP, Malamba S, Downing R, Ransom R, Nakanjako D, Wafula W, Hughes P, Bunnell R, Kaharuza F, Coutinho A, Kigozi A, Quick R. Effect of home-based water chlorination and safe storage on diarrhea among persons with human immunodeficiency virus in Uganda. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2005 Nov;73(5):926-33.

³⁷ Luby SP, Agboatwalla M, Painter J, Altaf A, Billhimer WL, Hoekstra RM. Effect of intensive handwashing promotion on childhood diarrhea in high-risk communities in Pakistan: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2004; 291(21):2547-54.

³⁸ Petersen C. Cryptosporidiosis, Cyclosporiasis, and Isosporiasis in the Setting of HIV Infection. Center for HIV Information. HIV InSite Knowledge Base Chapter November, 1998.

³⁹ Norton EB, Archibald LK, Nwanyanwu OC, Kazembe PN, Dobbie H, Reller LB, Jarvis WR, Jason J. Clinical predictors of bloodstream infections and mortality in hospitalized Malawian children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2004;23(2):144-51; discussion 151-5.

⁴⁰ Fawzi W. Micronutrients and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 disease progression among adults and children. Clin Infect Dis. 2003;37 Suppl 2:S112-6.

⁴¹ World Health Organization. New Data on the Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV and their Policy Implications: Conclusions and Recommendations. Geneva, 2001.

⁴² Eley BS, Sive AA, Abelse L, Kossew G, Cooper M, Hussey GD. Growth and micronutrient disturbances in stable, HIV-infected children in Cape Town. Ann Trop Paediatr. 2002 Mar;22(1):19-23.

⁴³ Melikian G, Mmiro F, Ndugwa C, Perry R, Jackson JB, Garrett E, Tielsh J, Semba RD. Relation of vitamin A and carotenoid status to growth failure and mortality among Ugandan infants with human immunodeficiency virus. Nutrition. 2001;17 (7-8):567-72.

⁴⁴ Coutsoudis A, Bobat RA, Coovadia HM, Kuhn L, Tsai WY, Stein ZA. The effects of vitamin A supplementation on the morbidity of children born to HIV-infected women. Am J Public Health. 1995;85(8 Pt 1):1076-81.

⁴⁵ Fawzi WW, Mbise RL, Hertzmark E, Fataki ME, Herrera MG, Ndossi G, Spiegelman D. A randomized trial of vitamin A supplements in relation to mortality among human immunodeficiency virus-infected and uninfected children in Tanzania. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1999;18(20):127-33.

⁴⁶ Totin et al. Iron deficiency anemia is highly prevalent in HIV-infected and uninfected infants in Uganda. J Nutr. 2002; 132(3):423- 429.

⁴⁷ Penny ME, Marin RM, Duran A, Peerson JM, Lanata CF, Lonnerdal B, Black RE, Brow KH. Randomized controlled trial of the effect of daily supplementation with zinc or multiple micronutrients o the morbidity, growth, and micronutrient status of young Peruvian children. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004; 79(3):457-65.

⁴⁸ Hanifa Namala, unpublished data from Mulago Hospital, Uganda, 2003.

⁴⁹ Duggan C, Fawzi W. Micronutrients and child health: studies in international nutrition and HIV infection. Nutr Rev. 2001;59(11):358-69.

⁵⁰ Coutsoudis A, Bobat RA, Coovadia HM, Kuhn L, Tsai WY, Stein ZA. The effects of vitamin A supplementation on the morbidity of children born to HIV-infected women. Am J Public Health. 1995;85(8 Pt 1):1076-81.

⁵¹ Villamor E, Mbise R, Spiegelman D, Hertzmark E, Fataki M, Peterson KE, Ndossi G, Fawzi WW. Vitamin A supplements ameliorate the adverse effect of HIV-1, malaria, and diarrheal infections on child growth. Pediatrics. 2002; 109(1):E6.

⁵² Bobat R, Coovadia H, Stephen C, Naidoo KL, McKerrow N, Black RE, Moss WJ. Safety and efficacy of zinc supplementation for children with HIV-1 infection in South Africa: a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2005; 366(9500: 1862- 1867.

⁵³ Verweel G, Van Rossum AMC, Hartwig NG, Wolfs T, Scherpbier HJ, de Groot R. Treatment with highly active antiretroviral therapy in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Infected children is associated with a sustained effect on growth. Pediatrics. 2002; 109(2):E25.

⁵⁴ World Health Organization. Management of severe malnutrition. Geneva, 2002.

⁵⁵ Sandige H, Ndekha MJ, Briend A, Ashorn P, Manary MJ. Home-based treatment of malnourished Malawian children with locally produced or imported ready-to-use food. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2004;39(2):141-6.

⁵⁶ Black RE, Morris SS, Bryce J. Where and why are 10 million children dying every year? Lancet. 2003; 361: 2226-34.

⁵⁷ World Health Organization, Report of the Collaborative Team on the Role of Breastfeeding in the Prevention of Infant Mortality. Lancet, 2000;55:451-5.

⁵⁸ Pelletier, D. & Frongillo, E. Changes in child survival are strongly associated with changes in malnutrition in developing countries. J. Nutr. 2003; 133, 107-119.

⁵⁹ The Breastfeeding and HIV International Transmission Study Group (BHITS) (2004) Late postnatal transmission of HIV-1 in breastfed children: An individual patient data meta-analysis. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 89: 2154-2166.

⁶⁰ Iliff, P., Piwoz, E.G., Tavengwa, N., Zunguza, C., Marinda, T., Nathoo, K., Moulton, L., Ward, B., ZVITAMBO Study Group, Humphrey, J. Early exclusive breastfeeding reduces HIV-transmission and increases HIV-free survival. AIDS, 2005, 19(7):699-708.

⁶¹ Piwoz EG, Iliff PJ, Tavengwa N, Gavin L, Marinda E, Lunney K, Zunguza C, Nathoo KJ, the ZVITAMBO Study Group, and JH Humphrey. An education and counseling program for preventing breastfeeding-associated HIV transmission in Zimbabwe: Design and impact on maternal knowledge and behaviour. J Nutr. 2005; 2005;135(4):950-5.

⁶² Martines, J, Henderson, P. Feeding the infants of HIV-infected mothers. Bull World Health Organ. 200482(3):161. Epub 2004 Apr 16

⁶³ Papathakis PC, Rollins NC. Are WHO/UNAIDS/UNICEF-recommended replacement milks for infants of HIV-infected mothers appropriate in the South African context? Bull World Health Organ. 2004;82(3):164-71. Epub 2004 Apr 16.

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